The development of beauty salon services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The advancement of excellence salon administrations - Essay Example The idea of excellence salons began back in the times of antiquated human progress, where individuals for the most part of high society wanted to set up style patterns for a large number of years. Albeit through the ages, hairdos, trims and patterns have changed a thousand times yet a few things like ladies wearing wigs, shading hair are not new, are as yet polished. In those days, magnificence salons were where wigs were being made and requested. Rich and respectable individuals had their excellence salons in their castles. Since the time at that point, the idea of magnificence salon is continually advancing and individuals have gotten familiar with having hair styled to them consistently. However, today magnificence salon doesn't just offer diverse hair styling, yet various different administrations, for example, perms, rub, waxing, tanning, facial medicines, pedicure, nail trim and some more. Break down HOW INNOVATION HAS CHANGED A SERVICE WITHIN THE BEAUTY INDUSTRY: Beauty indust ry is presently a worldwide and million dollar business. The administrations inside the magnificence business have broadly changed, as now excellence salons are not places where just you have your hair style and complete your nails, yet in addition accentuate to refine and clean the inward excellence through physical and otherworldly treatment. It isn't only the magnificence salons and excellence shops that go under the heading of magnificence industry yet deals of beautifying agents, aromas and items for hair and healthy skin integrate it. While magnificence shops and salons are unimportant the administration segment of this industry. What's more, a few business analysts incorporate corrective medical procedure and gym in this market. Magnificence matters most, to a large portion of the individuals in this world thus from ages the excellence business is giving and enhancing its administrations so as to fulfill the requirements of its clients. As indicated by the business examiner, the top of the line magnificence items are that spotless and embellish hair. However, today beauticians accepted that excellence and wellbeing are interlinked, thus that is the way the possibility of spas and social insurance habitats went under this heading. Sovereign Elizabeth was the fundamental female symbol and set the precedents in the sixteenth century. Magnificence was restricted to the appearance just, where a tad bit of face powder, gleaming cheeks and red polished lips had done everything. Individuals used to fade their hair utilizing either saffron or onion skins. It used to take enormous of difficult work and opposite styling methods to make an individual look delightful and adequate to go to some occasion. However, with the pro of time and improvement of innovation, magnificence industry has likewise had the option to propel itself by concocting masterfulness supplies and exploring in the organic and substance sciences which offer progressively complex, elite healthy s kin items, all in the journey for excellence. Ladies used to hazard their existence with a considerable lot of their custom made makeup. They utilized consumed matches to obscure their eyes, berries to recolor their lips, and even utilized youthful boy’s pee to dispose of their spots. They even utilized lead, mercury and even parasites to give them pale appearance. Fortunately, magnificence industry has made some amazing progress from utilizing poisonous and dangerous blends, and has progressed deductively for giving an immense range to improve our looks. Beforehand, individuals had constrained hair dressing and hair treatment methods, yet increasingly more are created in the market. These don't just require transitory strategies yet in addition a changeless makeover of an individual. From wigs and transitory hair

Torture: Morality and Terrorist

In the article â€Å"The Truth about Torture†, Charles Krauthammer considers the ticking time bomb issue and contends that torment is once in a while ethically allowable, however ethically fundamental. Krauthammer utilizes the case of fear mongers in his model, consider the possibility that we caught a psychological militant with information on an assault and the information on future assaults; do we torment him for his data. Or on the other hand essentially simply have him bolted up? (Krauthammer 2). Utilitarian contemplations are adequate to legitimize utilizing unfeeling activities against fear mongers to remove confessions.Even however is savage to torment one to separate data, it is our obligation as residents to keep up the joy in general and do what is important to spare lives. Utilitarianism is a considerable regulating moral hypothesis, which express the virtue of an activity is controlled by the most bliss or utility it makes (Mill 461). On the off chance that we uti lize this definition to examine the case, at that point yes it is adequate to utilize remorseless activities, for example, waterboarding and sodium pentathol infusions on fear based oppressors to extricate information.Waterboarding is a startling and profoundly stunning torment procedure where the detainee has his face presented to water such that gives the sentiment of suffocating (Krauthammer 3). Sodium pentathol infusion is a soothing medication; its motivation is to disinhibit the higher cerebrum places to make somebody bound to share their data (Krauthammer 3). In parts of Asia, torment is inserted in the criminal equity framework (Wong 1). So there is no worry with respect to why torment can’t be utilized in the case of the psychological oppressor. By tormenting the psychological oppressor, we can separate data from him, along these lines doing what is ethically right and spare lives.Maintaining and making joy among the entire is progressively significant simply the joy of an individual. On the off chance that that is the situation, at that point wouldn’t tormenting the fear monger be the correct activity? Tormenting him would make the world a progressively quiet spot and furthermore telling fear mongers that we are not frightened of them and we’ll take the necessary steps to ruin their very much idea out plans. Utilitarianism takes into account infringement of equity. This is one of those infringement on the grounds that we’re tormenting to benefit mankind and warding off underhandedness at the equivalent time.Some may contend tormenting somebody is ethically off-base, despite the fact that is for a decent motivation. The case of waterboarding and sodium pentathol infusion is brutal and non-others conscious. This is on the grounds that both these models disregard essential human rights. Infusing sodium pentathol into another human is typically without wanting to, not to mention separating data from them without their assent. Utilitarianism holds that activities will in general assistance advance joy, off-base as they will in general produce despondency (Mill 462). For this situation, wouldn’t we make misery for the psychological oppressor since he is suffering?Saving lives is a certain something, however there must be preferred methods of extricating data over to torment another human. Concerning torment on the fear based oppressor, is essential to take note of that utilitarian keep up that each person’s satisfaction is to be weighted similarly and that bliss is delight and the nonattendance of torment (Mill 469). Tormenting then would be the proper activity since bliss out-weight misery. More individuals will be vexed and crushed if a fear based oppressor assault did occur and we decide not to torment the psychological oppressor to extricate data. On the off chance that the psychological militant assault didn't go as arranged, so what?The fear based oppressor wouldn’t be crushed an d be miserable as much as we would need to manage the demise of blameless individuals. The psychological militant will most likely simply think about a superior arrangement and expectation it’ll execute to flawlessness whenever. Is important to be merciless and torment a psychological oppressor to get data, however on one condition, if bliss out-weight misery. This is the situation when we realize lives can be spared by methods for torment. Torment is coldblooded, with models, for example, infusions of sodium pentathol and waterboarding, however here and there is expected to help do what’s best for humankind.Bibliography - Wong Kai-shing. â€Å"The Problem of Torture in China's Criminal Justice System† http://www. hrsolidarity. net/mainfile. php/2005vol15no05/2451/†Krauthammer, Charles. â€Å"The Truth about Torture† http://www. weeklystandard. com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/006/400rhqav. asp? page=3 - Mill, John Stuart. Utilitarianism. In Intro duction to Philosophy: Classical and Contemporary Readings, Fifth Edition. Eds JohnPerry, Michael Bratman and John Martin Fischer. New York, NY: Oxford University press, 2010. Pp. 457-476.

20 Ways to Achieve Wealth and Success

20 Ways to Achieve Wealth and Success According to the old saying, “nothing is impossible”. That is really true, we are capable of accomplishing many great things. Nothing can stop us from achieving our dreams and goals if we put our minds and energy to it.Of course, it is hard to stay sharp and focused all the time in order to fulfill our desires, especially if we are striving for wealth and success.There are just so many obstacles and distractions that we are facing almost every day. You have surely experienced this before.Now, don’t get depressed and discouraged, because you are not alone.Luckily, there were many people who have been struggling to achieve the heights of riches, and some of them have shared their experiences and advice with us in order to help us to attain success.The whole purpose of this article is to bring some meaningful tips about self-improvement that lead you to prosperity.That is why we have chosen Dean Graziosi, real estate and success trainer and author of the book “Millionaire succes s habits”, and his advice to help you achieve success and wealth.He is one of the most influential success trainers and a person who has gone from rags to riches by sheer determination and will.That is the exact reason why all of us should take notes of what he is saying, and if you don’t believe the hype, go and check out his net worth.CREATION OF PRODUCTIVE DAILY ROUTINEProductive daily routines are almost necessary for becoming wealthy. Practice makes perfect they say.If practicing something that is good for you every day becomes your routine, you are clearly on the right path of becoming successful.To be precise, the major distinction between wealthy people and those who are not can be seen in their daily habits.Routine is a killer biological mechanism so choose your habits wisely.That goes for the good ones and the bad ones.Awareness and detection of problems of your daily routines are the first steps towards changing them.Make a list of your daily habits that are counterpr oductive for you, and come up with a solution for the problems.If you are playing video games too long every day, try to limit yourself to playing only half an hour a day. Make that stopwatch and alarm your everyday useful tools. Time is money so plan your expenses.Also if you want to turn your weaknesses into strengths, such as not being able to remember something, try to make a step by step plan and write it down.When you write things down, they are not just in your mind anymore, they become materialized.Thats why many famous entrepreneurs kept journals.Here are some must-haves in your daily routine no matter what your business is:Invest in long-term learning. Constantly read and educate yourself to expand your horizons.Exercise daily for 30 minutes at least.Same goes for meditation, at least 10 minutes per day.Fix your sleeping scheduleTake a rest and relax every now and then.PRACTICE SELF-AFFIRMATION AND CONFIDENCEThere is no place for self-doubts when it comes to wealth. Feelin g unworthy is not the starting point for aiming towards success.Questioning some of your actions can turn out to be very favorable for you if you get the conclusion from it, but just don’t let it lead you to self-doubting and misery.Expose the inner villain (self-doubt) that is lurking inside of you.This is not the easiest thing to do but at least try it. There are some tips on how to overcome your doubts and turn them to self-confidence inspired by a psychologist, self-awareness teacher and Dr. Lesile Becker Phelps:Don’t pay attention only to the negative feedback, instead try to consciously focus on listening to the more positive one, and you will surely feel more confident by doing so.Try to remember your meaningful deeds, and appreciation by others, don’t recall just your failures.Misinterpretation can lead you to towards doubting of your own capabilities. That’s why you should take others suggestions about your work not like a criticism instead more like their concern a bout your productivity because they know how valuable you are and how better you can be.“KNOWLEDGE IS POWER”One can hardly develop a habit more beneficial than reading.This habit can enhance you so much in such a short period of time, even if you practice it for 30 minutes daily. Information is everything.Business moguls and some of the most notable billionaires such as Mark Cuban and Warren Buffet are crediting this type of activity the most for their success. Buffet even says: “All of you can do it, but I guarantee not many of you can do it.”.If you make the information that you read valuable by acting accordingly, youll start your path to wealth.The growth of knowledge can only lead to the expansion of your horizons by constant reading.Soon that knowledge will provide you a new way of rational thinking that will definitely lead you to success.Bookshelves in libraries are full of self-improvement literature so there is no excuse not to develop anymore.OPTIMIZE YOUR PROJECT IONSOptimize your projections is a fancy way of saying that you need to strive towards optimism.Setbacks always happen so you need to find a clever way to address the problem, right?We all know how frustrating and annoying setbacks are, but if you focus on the negative, itll devour you. Instead, think of obstacles as side effects of diligent work.Now, when the time comes to face those difficulties it’s important for you to possess an optimistic mindset.You are probably thinking why it is so important? Then look at what professor of marketing at Rice University, Utpal Dholakia has to say about optimism and success:Optimism can help develop out-of-the-box-thinking and original ideasOptimism will make you be more determined and able to take actionOptimism can make you perseverant to help you stay on your chosen pathWith an optimistic mindset, setbacks will become your bouncebacksFOCUS ON YOUR GOALS AND PLAN YOUR ACTIONSSometimes it is not enough to just want something in order to ach ieve it.However, if you truly set your mind on a specific objective, you plan your actions in order to achieve the goal.The formula is simple: idea (objective), plan, execution.Now make a step by step structure out of each of these segments.Whether it is a set of goals or just one that is crucial, it doesn’t matter as long as you are focused on it/them.Probably a lot of you are wondering how to stay focused on your goals in order to be successful?Here are a couple of bits of advice from TRACOM’S Dr. Casey Mulqueen on how to achieve that:1. Outcome and Process GoalsDecide what your ultimate goal is and then work on steps towards achieving it. In order to achieve the desired outcome, you first must focus on the process leading to it.Break down your goal into smaller steps that you will practice on a daily basis and positive outcome is inevitable.2. Don’t Bite More Than You Can ChewInstead of focusing on whole sets of different goals, just focus on the major ones. The most effici ent way of attaining your long-term goals is to focus on smaller goals.Dr. Mulqueen said:“When you set a process goal, you begin to build a new habit in the automatic system of the brain. This means that even in the face of stress, fatigue or distraction, your brain remains committed to your goal and actively looks for ways to further that planned behavior.” Source: www.searchingforbetter.netFIND SOMEONE TO MENTOR YOUIt is not that easy to find the person who can pass their knowledge and experience to you, but it is of great importance to find one.Having a mentor is probably the fastest and most efficient way to develop professionally and learn.No matter what youre doing, chances are that someone has done it before you (unless youre an innovating genius). Having someone who knows the way show you the shortcuts is priceless.To be a mentee is just so beneficial for you, and every step that you will take will go much more smoothly when you have someone to supervise you.According to 30-year long research of Lauren Bidwell Ph.D. Researcher Scientist for SAP SuccessFactors, having a mentor will:Increase your salaryProvide more chances for promotionsMake you feel more dedicated to your careerMake you feel more satisfied with your path to successMake you feel more motivated and persistent to advance in your careerPRACTICE PERSEVERANCEThere is on e certain virtue that separates wealthy people from the less fortunate ones. That virtue is persistence.There are always more quitters than doers out there. The difference between them is that the latter follow through when the going gets tough.Theres really no practical advice on how to persevere. Clench your jaw and dont go too easy on yourself. Break a sweat.The other keyword here is patience. Dont expect immediate feedback and dont get disappointed if you dont get gratified right away.Be outcome-independent and just follow through until the end! Keep track of your work in order to remind yourself to never back down before you complete the task at hand.SURROUND YOURSELF WITH SUCCESSFUL PEOPLEYou have surely heard of an expression that says that youre the sum of the 5 people that surround you.That just might be true!According to the news article of Business Insider, and Thomas C. Corley’s five-year-long study and a book entitled Rich Habits, he got to the conclusion that 117 now wealthy people only spent their time with the people for whom they were aspired to be before they were rich.That is not a coincidence. No one can be successful if he/she is surrounded by the people who are not ambitious or wealthy themselves.There are just so many opportunities and possibilities for you if you are spending your time with people who value opportunities and tent to create them for themselves and others.They can encourage you, or give you some advice about your business and growth.They can even offer you a deal about collaboration with them. Either way, you are more likely to become wealthy when surrounded by the wealthy.A good thing to do is try to get in touch with wealthy people in any way you can.Try social gatherings, events, clubs, bars (yes, wealthy people are regular customers as well) or make a list of places and activities that could help you socialize with successful people.Note that when we say wealthy were not just thinking material wealth.If youre lookin g for knowledgeable people, try the academies and universities and if youre looking to get wasted, try clubbing. You find Romans in Rome.FOCUS ON HEARING OTHERSIn order to be successful, Its certainly desirable to possess good verbal skills.Probably a lot of you think that the most important aspect of having verbal skills is speaking, and that is partially true, but listening is even more important.Is it a little bit unusual that the people from Forbes’s top 10 richest people rarely give any interviews?Well, it isn’t, because they know that their time and words are valuable, and they dont throw value around just like that!They only speak when it is necessary. Most of the times they are focused on listening, carefully observing and analyzing their environment.Its a simple formula. In order to amass knowledge, you must perceive and when you transmit, youre not receiving, so shut your pie hole and listen!All of the most successful people know how learning by listening to someone is precious.When the time comes that you realize you are talking too much, just stop for a moment and ask everybody what is their opinion about that matter.You will be surprised how other’s opinions can help you come up with the best solution!A WEALTHY MIND IN A HEALTHY BODYHealth is the basis of wealth. Another simple formula for that: a healthy person can produce revenue and all the money in the world cant help you if you compromise your health.Currencies lose their value if you lack health because, without health, youre not able to enjoy the goods.Thats why wealth has a deeper meaning than just being rich.Probably the best way to stay in shape is to practice some team sports.This is just beneficial in so many ways, not only that youll be fit, but you will learn a lot about rivalry, competition, and teamwork as well.If you don’t have time for some team sports activities, exercising at home or at a gym is also fine, it should become your routine. Your nutrition regimen is somethi ng you should also pay attention to.Contrary to what most people think, exercises dont exhaust you they make you more energetic.Fatigue is beaten by regular exercising according to NHS(National Health Service).They say that even the small amounts of exercising can boost your energy.Try it, start with 15-minutes walks every day and see the difference. Source: richardbrenneman.wordpress.comINSTEAD OF FOCUSING ON REVENUE, FOCUS ON THE QUALITY OF THE SERVICE YOU PROVIDEA young and ambitious man can often be infatuated by the fact that money is the reflection of his path to success.Money is unquestionably important, but don’t let it blind you. There are other things that matter!Think about money as a byproduct of your good work, and see your financial growth as a way to achieve more goals and to expand.Steve Tobak, trusted strategy consultant and former executive of high-tech industry, wrote an article for Entrepreneur magazine in which he states:”If your professional goals are to enjoy what you do for a living, work hard at it, strive to be the best at what you do, and accomplish things you’re proud of, then there’s a very good chance you’ll achieve all that  and  make all the money you need to be happy. That’s how it works in the real world.”Work hard, and wealth will definitely come. Dont focus on the revenue, focus o n the quality of service!PUSH YOURSELF ABOVE YOUR LIMITSWhether you are an entrepreneur or an employee you have daily assignments. Don’t be satisfied with just getting them done. Excel at it!There are no limits when it comes to success, therefore engage yourself to the max and do even more than is required from you and enjoy the whole process. Dont think of it as exhaustion.When you have this kind of mentality even failures won’t affect you that much because youll know you have given your best.Marissa Mayer a former CEO of Yahoo!, self-made millionaire women with a net worth of $620 million, credits her long and hard-working hours for her success.In an interview with Bloomberg Businessweek, Marissa said that she used to work for 130-hours a week back in Google Inc. She even said that hard work is the only difference when it comes to starters in a company which succeeds later and those who fail.You don’t have to be a workaholic like Marissa, but putting some extra hours a week certainly won’t hurt you, it can only make you more successful.KEEP A RECORD OF YOUR DAILY ADVANCEMENTThis will very likely provide the best insight on your progress.By constantly tracking and examining your progress, you will surely know what is the best thing to do next and how much you need to step on it.Set a weekly goal, and then at the end of a week quickly review what you have done, what could’ve been done more efficiently and set a new weekly goal.Edith Harbaugh, CEO of LaunchDarkly, used to set daily quotas of how much miles she will ride with her bike every day. The point of this is to set your daily goal and “start your day from zero”. Riding bike helped her check her advancement every day and she just transferred that to her business.If weekly check-up is too much for you, check your advancement on a daily basis.FIND YOUR PURPOSESurely from time to time you have felt lost and disoriented, and that is a pretty frustrating state to be in.Don’t despair because the only thing you really need to do is ask yourself the right questions.If you don’t know your purpose, then it will be almost impossible for you to fulfill it.Start asking the right questions like:What do I really want?Why do I want to achieve wealth?What do I want to do with it?What makes me happy and what doesnt?When you get your answers, youll know what to strive for and youll regain your motivation and a sense of purpose.FIND A HOBBYMany of you probably think that success comes only from hard work and engagement, but prepare to be surprised by how much a hobby can help you succeed!When you get tired of your office space and formal negotiations with your potential clients the best thing you can do is to devote yourself to a hobby. Your hobby can even affect your business, in a positive way of course.In the interview for on the topic of ”Why pursuing your hobby can lead to greater success In business?”, CTO and president of the enLabelGlobalServices, Inc., Ramin Khoshatefeh, was asked: “How has pursuing your hobby helped grow your business?”His answer was:“We have hosted clients, friends and business partners for a number of events at the gallery. It serves as a meeting place of sorts, and it allows us to bring out the more personal side of doing business. We intend to use the space for non-profit fundraising and plan to host more clients and business partners in the future.TRY TO FIND A BALANCE BETWEEN WORK AND PLAY. FIND SOME ME TIME.The reason why it is so hard to achieve balance in life is that the road to wealth can often be stressful and exhausting.When you try to compensate for the shortcomings due to work, you exaggerate and it all goes south from there.Success and wealth are obtainable only by patience and silent devotion.That’s why you need to find the time to devote to all of the other areas that are fundamental in your life to avoid burnouts.Burnouts are described as states of emotional, mental and physical exhaustion caused by repea ted stress, according to Psychology Today.They are often followed by depression, cynicism, and lethargy, and you surely want to avoid that in order to be successful, and that’s why you need to find a balance.If you can’t find your balance, here is an example of a man that has found his and is absolutely satisfied with his life.According to Forbes Magazine article about creating a balance in your life, president of the software company Jackrabitt, Mark Mahoney said that his success and happiness came from finding his “business time, family time, and me time”.He completely separated his work from his personal life and by that he created a perfect balance, maybe you should try it too.Draw a chart and divide your free time by 2. One half for your family and one half for yourself.ACCUMULATE YOUR WEALTH WITH SAVINGSNobody can become rich by recklessly wasting their money. That’s why it is very useful to learn how to accumulate wealth in an economical way.Brian Tracy, motivationa l public speaker, and self-development author, about the topic of “How to save money and accumulate more wealth?”, says on his official website that the best two tactics to accumulate money by saving it are:Saving 10% of your income every month and putting it away up to your special account reserved just for that.Take advantage of tax-deferred savings and investment plans.ORGANIZE AND MAKE USE OF YOUR TIME. STOP PROCRASTINATING!Waste of time is a waste of… everything. All we really have are time and energy.Those are the resources that get converted into wealth… or dont if you get reckless.Recognize meaningless activities that you engage in. Make it a habit to ask yourself: What am I doing currently? Is it productive? If the answer to the latter question is no, stop the activity!Limit the time you spend procrastinating. Do not engage in idle tasks.If you spend hours browsing the internet or partying and drinking, chances are you wont do anything meaningful with your life.Were not saying that you should go all work and no play. We know it makes Jack a very dull boy. All were saying is that you should make a schedule and stick to it.Set aside some time to procrastinate and be idle, but limit it and supervise yourself.TREAT EVERYONE WITH RESPECT. BE MINDFUL OF YOUR ENVIRONMENT!If you are an upcoming entrepreneur that wants to expand the business and conquer the market, you definitely can’t do that by yourself.What makes you successful are the people you have chosen to work for and represent your company.That is the reason why you should treat every employee in your company with respect.Don’t be afraid of spending your funds on increasing the salary, giving annual bonuses or organizing some team building activities for your workers.Show them consideration and they will show you their effort, it’s as simple as that.NEVER STOP WORKING ON YOURSELFTo become successful and wealthy one must never stop developing.There is always room for progress and improve ment. On the other hand, stagnation will compromise you, theres no doubt about it.Dont compare to other people, compare to yourself. Strive to become the best version of yourself and defeat your worst enemy you.Develop the routine that will be based on your improvement each and every day, and success will come like a by-product of this way of living that youll come to enjoy in no time.

Indian Economy Has Gone Through Many Phases Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4156 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Since 1991 till date Indian economy has gone through many phases. It has seen many contemporary developments in terms of changing trends in economic growth, inflation, fiscal deficits, capital investment flows (FDI FIIs),current account and capital accounts convertibility, foreign exchanges reserves etc. In 1991 when India faced major crunch of foreign exchange reserves, it opened up its economy and introduced many economic reforms with more thrust towards globalisation, privatisation and liberalisation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Indian Economy Has Gone Through Many Phases Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Over the years, out of these various economic contemporary phenomena, the one which has assumed great importance in the economic scenario of the Indian economy has been foreign capital flows (Foreign Institutional investments constituting major portion of total foreign investment in India ). These inflows have had both positive as well as negative impact on the health of the Indian economy. On the positive side, these capital inflows have raised the level of economic development by augmenting the domestic investment, contributed towards increased market capitalisation, more competitiveness in the capital market and widened financial intermediation. But at the same time, these capital inflows have also posed several threats to the economic and financial system of the recipient economy like inflationary trends, appreciation in exchange rate, overheating of the economy and unmanageable volatility in the capital market due to the possibility of their sudden withdrawal. Thus over the year s due to their increasing magnitude, the FII flows have impacted various economic factors in the Indian economy directly and indirectly like volatility in the stock market, risk-return patterns, inflationary trends, economic growth, foreign exchange reserves, decision on capital account convertibility and so on or vice versa. Over the years, FIIs have been showing diversified magnitude and changing trends with various underlying reasons for the same. During the initial year 1992-93, when the FII flows started flowing into India it just amounted to Rs 13 cr. because at this moment government was framing policy guidelines for FIIs. However within a year in 1993-94 the FIIs flow rose to `Rs. 5127 cr. increasing with 39338 percent because government had opened door for investment in India. Thereafter, the FII flows witnessed mixed trends over the years like from 1994-95 to 2008-09, FIIs showed negative comparative growth. However from 1995-96 to 2009-10, they have been showing comparative positive growth. There have been many reasons for these non patterned flows of FIIs in Indian economy. In 1997-98, FII inflow posted fall due to the South East Asian Currency Crisis. In 1998-99 FIIs also flew back. This was primarily due the economic sanctions imposed on India by US, Japan and other industrialized economies. These economic sanctions were the result of series of testing of nuclear bombs by India in May 1998. The slowdown in 2004-05 and 2005-06, 200 was on account of global uncertainties caused by hardening of crude oil prices and upturn in the interest rate cycle. During 2007-8 the whole world felt the heat of global financial crisis (popularly known as SUB-PRIME crisis) originated in USA. Even Indian economy could not remain unaffected from these global phenomena and in 2009-8-09 for the first time in the history since 1992 when FIIs first invested in Indian economy, it witnessed highest ever negative net investment outflow. During this period the gross purchases were ` 614575 and the gross sales were ` 6,60,386 Cr. It amounted to net out flow to the tune of ` 45,810 Cr. However as discussed earlier, FIIs flow has also shown positive trends over the last many years. In 2010 FIIs injected ` 1,12,000 cr.(net investment) in Indian equities. Even till date the trend is quite positive and F IIs has already made net investment to the tune of ` 7335 cr. till March 2011. It has been the experience over the years, Indian economy has not been immune to these FIIs flows. They have affected various economic factors of the economy considerably like volatility in the stock market, risk-return patterns, inflationary trends, and economic growth, foreign exchange reserves, market capitalisation of the companies listed with BSE, NSE, and government policy with regard to decision on capital account convertibility and so on or vice versa. Viewed from other perspective, there are many economic and financial determinants which have pulled and pushed the flows of FIIs into and out of India economy. Like Returns on Indian stock market, risk and inflation in foreign country might have positive impact on FIIs inflow whereas risk and inflation in domestic country and stock market returns in foreign country might have negative influence on FIIs investment to India. In addition to this, market capitalization, macro economic determinants like economic growth, liberalisati on policy (i.e. more capital account convertibility ) , burgeoning amount of foreign exchange reserves, decisions taken on tax benefits for FIIs in India might also have significant positive influence on FIIs flow in short-run as well long run. From time to time Government of India has taken many positive as well as precautionary initiatives to enhance the flow of FIIs into Indian economy but at the same time ensuring stability of stock market and protecting the interest of the shareholders. Like foreign firms and high net-worth individuals have been permitted to invest as sub-accounts of FIIs, FII ceiling under special procedure has been enhanced to 49 per cent, dual approval process of SEBI and RBI has got changed to single approval process of SEBI, Investment cap for FIIs in Government securities and corporate bonds has been increased and so on. Thus there are many perspectives attached with FIIs flows into Indian economy. From the problem of scarcity in the early 1990s to the problem of plenty now, the large foreign inflows into our economy has assumed utmost importance in recent times and managing such inflows have become a challenge in itself. Such inflows have thrown up new policy challenges as these inflows have influenced various macro level economic variables like inflation, , foreign exchange reserves, exchange rate (money value visa vis foreign currency), market capitalisation and so on etc. . Moreover, as India is in the process of liberalizing the capital account, it would have significant impact on the foreign investments and particularly on the FII, as this would affect the stability of the financial market in the short run as well as in the long run. And imposition of capital controls will reverse this process towards full convertibility of the rupee. This issue is extremely important for contemporary policy ma kers since managing such large FIIs inflows into India in recent times has come to haunt both the RBI and the Indian government.. Therefore in the light of the above scenario it has become important to study and analyse FIIs magnitude, trends , determinants and their impact upon various macro level factors, and the impact of policy decisions taken by Government of India, RBI, capital market regulator (SEBI) to enhance and the flow of FIIs. It is hoped the insight offered by this research work will help us to construct suitable policies in such a way that on the one hand the Indian economy will enjoy a large inflow of FIIs but at the same time there will not be unnecessary enhanced degree of volatility in the capital market. This will go a long way in cementing and consolidating the economic scenario of Indian economy in general and confidence of the investors in particular1. Review of Literature : Since 1990 till date several research studies have been undertaken on FIIs Flow in India. However their results have been mixed in nature and at certain time contradictory with each other also. Some of the major studies and their summarised findings have been discussed in the following pages: Classens (1993) analyzed the return and diversification benefits of investing for an investor in an industrial country with emerging markets and barriers which prevent a free flow of funds. Study found that equity portfolio flows can be affected by efficiency of domestic stock market as well as market segmentation created by barriers. Investors perception and attitude may thus matter as much as formal barriers. Chuhan (1994) analyzed portfolio switching behaviour by investors between different emerging markets. Study has found that institutional investors from Canada, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom (UK) and United States (US) have not contributed to the growth in portfolio investment in emerging markets (the countries where they have invested). These investors, who otherwise are major players in international capital markets, have approached developing countries securities markets with great caution. Institutional investors generally enter markets with significant liquidity, market capitalization and claim to have a longer time horizon in their risk return assessment than other investors such as performance based retail traders. Study concluded that any country that shows good track record in its reform process may expect to have a lower risk and e higher returns from portfolio investment, thus, consequently large portfolio flows are expected to go to such countries with good track records of liberalization, fiscal consolidation and regulatory reform than to those emerging markets that do not exhibit such a performance on sustained basis. Gooptu (1994) undertook research on Are Portfolio flows to Emerging Markets Complementary or Competitive He concluded that there is a competition between developing countries for portfolio investment from abroad. The study analyzed gross portfolio investment flows for a sample of eight emerging markets over the period of 1989 to 1993 using quarterly data. Four countries in each geographical region, namely, India, Indonesia, South Korea and Thailand in Asia while Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico in Latin America have been examined. All of these countries have experienced large portfolio investment inflows in recent years. However, the gross portfolio flows to Latin America has been observed to be more significantly related to East Asia (Indonesia, South Korea and Thailand) than those to South Asia i.e., India in this study. According to the study, it is important for the policy makers in the developing economies to provide right signals to international capital markets in terms of economic and domestic institutional reforms to successfully compete with other developing economies to attract portfolio investment from abroad. Study found that to attract more private capital flows policy makers must continue to provide right signal to foreign institutional investors in terms of economic and domestic institutional reforms that attract portfolio investment from abroad. Study concludes that there is a need to continue for increasing pace of reforms in any given emerging stock market in order to maintain the steady portfolio flows to developing countries. Agarwal (1997) found that world stock market capitalization had a favourable impact on the FPI in India. FII inflow depends on stock market returns, inflation rates (both domestic and foreign), and ex-ante risk. In terms of magnitude, the impact of stock market returns and the ex-ante risk turned out to be the major determinants of FII inflow. Kumar (2001) investigated the effects of FII inflows on the Indian stock market represented by the Sensex using monthly data from January 1993 to December 1997. Kumar (2001) inferred that FII investments are more driven by Fundamentals and they do not respond to short-term changes or technical position of the market. This finding is in contradiction with the findings of Rai and Bhanumurthy (2003) who did not find any causation from FII to return in BSE using similar data between 1994 and 2002. However, Rai and Bhanumurthy have also found significant impact of return in BSE on NFI. Chakrabarti (2002) made an empirical investigation to see the inter relationship between FIIs flows and equity returns in India in the Indian context. Following the Asian crisis and the bust of info-tech bubble internationally in 1998-99 the net FII declined substantially by US$ 61 million. Using the monthly data between May 1993 and Dec. 1999, Chakrabarti (2001) found that FII flows and stock returns are strongly correlated in India. The entire sample period was sub-divided into Pre-Asian Crisis and Post-Asian Crisis period to capture the impact of the Asian crisis on the net FII inflows. The study found that there appears to be significant differences in the nature of FII flows before and after the Asian crisis. In the pre-Asian crisis period any change in FII found to have a positive impact on the equity returns ( FIIs acted as independent variable and other variable like return acted as dependent variable). But in the post-Asian crisis period it was found the reverse relation exi sted that is the change in FII was mainly due to change in equity returns ( where FIIs acted as dependent and other variables like return acted as as independent variable). It was also found that FIIs did not have any informational disadvantage in comparison with domestic investors in India, since the US and world return were not significant in explaining FII flows. Besides, changes in country risk ratings for India did not appear to affect the FII flows. The beta of the Indian market with respect to SP 500 index seemed to affect the FII flows inversely, but the effect disappeared in the post-Asian crisis period. Thus there appeared to be significant differences in the perception of FII flows before and after the Asian crisis. In the post-Asian crisis period i.e. from 1998 onwards, returns on the BSE National Index became the sole driving force behind the FII flows. Eun Rensick (2002) observed that international portfolio Investment has been growing rapidly in recent years due to (a) deregulation of financial markets (b) introduction of new investment vehicles such as international mutual funds, country funds and internationally cross listed stocks which allow investors to achieve international diversification without incurring excessive costs. Despite sizable potential gains from international diversification, investors allocate a disproportionate share of their funds to domestic securities displaying the so called home bias. Home bias is likely to reflect imperfection in the international financial markets such as excessive transaction/information costs, discriminatory taxes for foreigners and legal/institutional barriers to international investments. Mukherjee P (2002 ) undertook research study on Foreign Institutional Investment in the Indian Equity Market. Contrary to the general perception of foreign investors activities having a strong demonstration effect and driving the domestic stock market in India, evidence from causality tests conducted suggests that FII flows to and from the Indian market tend to be caused by returns in the domestic equity market and not the other way round.( returns acted as the driving force i.e independent variable ) Batra A (2003) in their study on The Dynamics of Foreign Portfolio Inflows and Equity Returns in India used both daily and monthly data in order to understand the trading behaviour of FIIs and returns in Indian equity market. It was found that there is strong evidence of FIIs chasing trends and adopting positive feedback trading strategies at the aggregate level on a daily basis. However there is no evidence of positive feedback trading on a monthly basis. The results of our analysis also indicate that foreign investors have a tendency to herd together in their trading activity in India. The trading behaviour and biases of the FIIs do not appear to have a destabilizing impact on the equity market. Trivedi Nair (2003) in their study on Determinants of FII Investment Inflow to India concluded that any investments, either domestic or foreign, would depend heavily on the risk factors. Hence, while studying the behaviour of FII, it is important to consider the risk variable. But it was only Trivedi Nair who considered this factor in their study in 2003.. Further, they have decomposed it (risk) into realized risk (observed) ex-ante and unexpected risk. Ex ante risk is an observed component and is negatively related to FII. But the relationship between unexpected risk and FII is obscure. Hence, one needs to separate the unobserved component from the realized risk while examining the impact of risk on FII. Gordon and Gupta (2003) in their study on Portfolio Flows into India: Do Domestic Fundamentals Matter conclude that given the huge volume of investments, foreign investors could play a role of market makers and book their profits, i.e., they can buy financial assets when the prices are declining thereby jacking-up the asset prices and sell when the asset prices are increasing Hence, there is a possibility of bi-directional relationship between FII and the equity returns. Boss and Coondoo (2004) undertook study on Impact of FII regulations in India A time series intervention analysis of equity flows. In this study they examined the impact of regulations over FIIs in India and gave an interesting results that the restrictive measures aimed at achieving greater control over FII flows do not show any significant negative impact on the net inflows. They also found that FII restrictive policies mostly render FII Investments more sensitive to the domestic market returns and raise inertia of the inflow. Griffin and Nardari (2004) in their study titled Are daily cross-border equity flows pushed or pulled found that foreign flows are significant predictors of returns for Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and India, indicating that foreign investors are buying before market index increases. Increasing trends of FIIs inflows can act as a predictor for upward trend in the value of index or vice versa. FII and Stock Index show positive correlation, but fail to predict the future value. They also found that contemporaneous flows are positive and highly significant in India. Kumar SSS (2005) in his study on Role of Institutional Investors in Indian Stock Market examines the pulling and pushing role of Foreign Institutional Investors in Indian stock markets. He finds using granger causality test that the market movement can be explained using the direction of the funds flow from these investors. Rai and Bhanumurthy (2006) in their study on Determinants of Foreign Institutional Investment in India studied and analyzed the determinants of foreign institutional investment in India using monthly data from January 1994 to November 2004. The study revealed the positive association of FIIs investment with return on BSE Sensex, inflation in US (home country) ; and negative association with inflation in India (host country), return on SP 500 index, ex-ante risk on BSE and ex-ante risk on SP 500 index. Thus empirical estimates seems to be perfectly in consensus with the proposed theoretical model, except for ex-ante risk in US stock market, which adversely affects the FII flow to India. This could be due to the dominant position of US stock market. However, the ex-post risk neither in US nor in India affected FII inflow to India. Study also did not find any causation running from FII inflow to stock market returns in BSE as it was found by some existing studies (Gordon Gupta, 2003). Study concluded that stabilizing the stock market volatility and minimizing the ex-ante risk would help in attracting more FII inflows. Otherwise there would be adverse impact of non-fundamental factors on FII behaviour which in turn would affect the real economy in the long-run. They further studied the impact of news on FII flows and found that the FIIs reacted more (sell heavily) to bad news than to good news. Saji kumar (2006) in his study titled FII vs. Sensex: An Emerging Paradigm analyses the performance of Sensex in terms of market Capitalisation , movement of Sensex, Returns on Sensex, trade turnover and Sensex P/E ratio and found out that they are significantly related to the surge in FIIs inflows. The behaviour of returns on Sensex and volatility has been more stabilizing due to external inflows and the fluctuations are largely due to withdraws by the domestic equity holders during the period considered. Singh (2008) in his study on FII Investment Flow and SENSEX Movement concluded that there are many variables which contribute to the positive growth of the stock market. FIIs investment is considered to be one of the biggest push after the economic fundamentals got stronger. The liberalisation of the FII flows into the Indian Capital Market since 1993 has had a considerable impact on Indian stock market. Babu and Prabheesh (2008) in their study on Causal relationships between Foreign Institutional Investments and stock returns in India concluded that the FII investments in India are more stock returns driven. Perhaps the high rates of growth in recent times coupled with an increasing trend in corporate profitability has imparted buoyancy to the stock markets, triggering off high and thereby leading to return chasing behaviour by the FIIs. Chakraborty (2007) undertook study on Foreign Institutional Investment Flows and Indian Stock Market Returns: A Cause and Effect Relationship Study. The empirical investigation of the direction of causation between FII flows to India and Indian stock market returns over the time period from April 1997 to March 2005 has revealed that FII flows are caused by; rather than causing the national stock market returns. However, the Indian policy makers must adopt a cautious approach while further liberalizing the FII policy by instituting in-built cushion within the system against the possible destabilizing effects of sudden reversal of FII flows. Rajput Thaker (2008) in their study on Exchange Rate, FII and Stock Index Relationship in India concludes that in globalized world, exchange rate, FII and Stock Index are important economic variable and reflect underlying strength and stability of business and an economy. Earlier study findings have revealed positive, negative and mixed relationship amongst those variables. They measure the relationship and its predictive power for the period ranging from January 2000 to December, 2005, in the light of third generation reforms in India. Using simple correlation and regression analysis it is found that no long run positive correlation exists between exchange rate and Stock Index except for year 2002 and 2005. FII and Stock Index show positive correlation, but fail to predict the future value. Kumar and Gupta (2010), in their study on FII Flows to India: Economic Indicators concludes that the trading by the FIIs in the Indian stock market is registering sharp hike every year but their net investment is often registering negative growth rate. It can be said here that they are much interested in making short-term profit by trading in the market. Their investment is equity oriented which accounts around 95 percent of the total investment. It has also been found that share of FIIs cumulative investment in the total market capitalization is below five percent and share of trading by FIIs in the total stock market turnover is around 17 percent. Though enjoying a lesser share in the stock market, the FIIs have emerged as the big custodian in the Indian capital market. Research Gap: Despite a number of initiatives and actions action taken by Indian government , there has been apparent problem of unwarranted volatility in the capital market due to unpatterned flows of FII in Indian economy. Due to these reasons, research in the field of FII flows in Indian Economy has received good deal of attention both for academicians and policy makers. However most of the researches have included stock return as the deciding variable for studying the determinants of FII in India. Since FII investment in stock market is sentiment driven, it is affected more or less by everything. The crucial task is to settle down on critical determinants which affect the flows of FII in India. In addition, majority of the research works have offered mixed findings. Even there are some studies which have contradicted each other in terms of their findings pertaining to the same data base. Like Kumar (2001) and Gordon Gupta, 2003). Whose findings (who supported the view that there is positive causation from FII to return in BSE) are in contradiction with the findings of Rai and Bhanumurthy (2003) ( who did not find any causation from FII to return in BSE using similar data between 1994 and 2002). More over there is a void in the field of research on FII flows in India as far as empirical investigations are concerned. After going through the review of literature, it is found that study and analysis on FII flows, magnitude, trends, determinants and the impact of government decisions need intensive investigation. This could fill part of the existing knowledge gap. Hence the study will be undertaken with these objectives. Objectives: 1. To study and analyse the magnitude and trends of FII flows in India since 2000 and make estimate for the same till 2015. 2. To study and analyse the impact of FII on Indian economy with special reference to stock market, exchange rate and foreign exchange reserves. (inflation) 3. To study and analyse the policy initiatives taken by Government of India and their impact. 4.To study and analyse the factors ( political and economic) affecting FII flow in and out of India. Research Methodology: Research Design: The proposed study will be an empirical research aiming at exploring the relation between the FII flows and various economic and financial factors operating in home and foreign country. Data Period of study: Data used for the study will be secondary in nature and the period of study will be from 2000 to 2010. Nature of Data: Research will be based upon secondary data. Methodology: The data (secondary in nature) on FII flows (sale and purchase ), return , risk will be collected from various sources/sites and the same will be analysed elaborately underlying the reasons for the same. And for estimating FII flows for future period and analysis of the same the relevant statistical techniques (as per their applicability ) like correlation, regression, standard deviation, and various econometrics methods will be used.

Native Language And Cultural Practices Of Multicultural...

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Peter Tosh a Pioneer of Reggae and Trailblazing Rastafarian Free Essays

Peter Tosh: A Pioneer of Reggae and Trailblazing Rastafarian Peter Tosh was not only an incredible Reggae musician, but an incredible person as well. He had a history of doing his part to help those in need of help, fighting for those who were unable to fight for themselves. Tosh, a pioneer of the Rastafari movement, would lead the people of Jamaica through his selfless actions and his music. We will write a custom essay sample on Peter Tosh: a Pioneer of Reggae and Trailblazing Rastafarian or any similar topic only for you Order Now Peter Tosh, born Winston Hubert McIntosh, was born in Westmoreland, Jamaica on October 9, 1944 to parents, Alvera Coke and James McIntosh. Tosh’s father would have nothing to do with his upbringing or even acknowledge that Tosh was his son.In fact, they would not even meet until Tosh was ten years old. His mother, unable to care for Tosh herself, asked her sister to raise him, which she did in Savanna-la-Mar, Jamaica. Due to the feeling of rejection that this placed inside of him, Tosh grew up extremely self-reliant and independent, which would help him later on in his fight for his people. During the time of his upbringing, life in Jamaica was extremely difficult. Jobs were scarce and money even more so. The majority of families were struggling to make ends meet, scrounging for money and building supply scraps to keep roofs over their heads.Jamaica’s government was extremely corrupt and the wealthier, land-owning class was taking advantage of those less fortunate. Tosh recognized this and would later become a modern day Robin Hood, using his presence in the public eye to his advantage by speaking on behalf of his fellow Jamaicans to raise awareness on the issue. Tosh began playing music at a very young age, keeping him away from gang life. He had no formal training of any instrument, aside from six months of piano lessons when he was in fifth grade. Music was his passion and he excelled in it.Tosh moved to Trenchtown with his uncle after his aunt grew very ill and nearly died. It was here that Tosh would develop his musical talents and go on to form the most influential band in reggae history. Trenchtown, named because of the many trenches that ran through it carrying sewage waste away from Kingston, was filled with music. While walking through town one day, Tosh came across a guitarist by the name of Joe Higgs, among others, singing and playing in the street. During the jam session, he met a couple who were looking for other vocalists to join a group. The couple was impressed by Tosh’s guitar playing and his baritone voice. Johnson) The couple, Bob Marley and Bunny Livingston, and Tosh, who taught Bob Marley how to play guitar, would hold jam sessions in Higgs’ backyard. These sessions became more and more serious and would eventually lead to the forming of the influential ska-style band called the Wailing Wailers in 1964. The Wailers went on to record twelve albums including One Love, When the Well Runs Dry, and Simmer Down and released groundbreaking singles including ‘Stir it Up’, ‘Get Up, Stand Up’, and ‘Trenchtown Rock’. (http://reggaediscography. blogspot. com/2009/10/peter-tosh-discography. html) By 1966, the band began to fall apart.Marley had moved from Jamaica to the United States to pursue a solo career and Tosh was arrested and served a short stint in jail. By 1972, the Wailers would slowly diminish until they finally broke up. It would be absurd to speak of Peter Tosh and not mention the Rastafari movement, which he had begun to get heavily involved in by this time. The movement was founded in the slums of Kingston, Jamaica in the 1920’s and 1930’s by a man by the name of Marcus Garvey. (www. religionfacts. com) Garvey taught that Africans are the true Israelis and that Ethiopia, referred to as Zion, is the real holy land.He further proclaimed that Africans were exiled to Jamaica and other parts of the world outside of Africa (the America’s and Europe are referred to as Babylon) as a form of divine punishment. (ww. religionfacts. com) In the 1930’s, peaceful communities had begun popping up in Kingston and Rastafarians began to adopt their own culture to include a distinctive dialect and hair style, and developed their own style of art and music. It was their music that would help spread the ideology of the Rastafari movement across the globe. The music of Bob Marley and Peter Tosh would become messengers of Jah (God) spreading the word throughout the world.After the Wailers went their separate ways, Tosh focused on a solo career. His first album, Legalize It, went public in 1976. The name of the album, as well as the title track, refers to his stance on the legalization of marijuana. Tosh believed that smoking marijuana was a path to enlightenment. It was a way for the working class of Jamaica to get relief from the stresses of life. He further believed that the government made marijuana illegal as a way of oppressing Jamaicans and keeping them in order. Tosh only wrote songs after he had smoked marijuana because he felt he could see clearly. (www. thetalkingdrum. com)By the time of the One Love Peace Concert of 1978, Jamaica was in the midst of a political civil war. The concert was held in an effort to set aside the differences of Jamaicans and promote peace, love, and harmony. Tosh took this concert, at which Bob Marley and the Wailers were headlining, as an opportunity to speak to the audience. Tosh bluntly put the government down, accusing them of using Jamaica and the people that lived there for their resources with little regard as to what would happen to them. He spoke his mind, as always, without caring who would hear. He spoke for the rights of his brothers and sisters of Jamaica.That concert was the first time that a person held in such high regards amongst the public had spoken out against the Jamaican government. It was at this moment that Peter Tosh became a heroic figure and a public rights leader. The high regard in which he was held by his peers would turn out to be a blessing and a curse. Four months after the One Love Peace Concert and his lecture against the Jamaican government, Tosh was brutally attacked by up to ten police officers and nearly died. This was the first of many attacks, both verbal and physical, but this is where Tosh wanted to be.He wanted to be the center of attention, not for his own ego but to be in a position to speak on behalf of his people. It was a way for him to voice their concerns and demand corrective action. The One Love Peace Concert not only boosted Tosh in the political eye, but would end up boosting his American musical career as well. Mick Jagger, of the Rolling Stones, was in the audience at the concert and would go on to sign Tosh under the Rolling Stones’ record label. Tosh would go on to release two albums under the label, Bush Doctor and Mystic Man. The short life of this relationship ended when Tosh felt he was not being promoted properly. www. talkingdrum. com) Two years after releasing Wanted Dread or Alive, Tosh had hit the pinnacle of his career in 1983, which was the time of his European tour promoting Mama Africa. These two albums would go on to become known as Tosh’s best work. (www. talkingdrum. com) While on this tour, Tosh appeared on stage with his signature M-16 [military assault rifle] guitar. The guitar was significant in the fact that it was a symbol for Tosh’s music being his weapon against the corrupt politicians and evils in the world. (www. talkingdrum. com) His concerts were more than just music. They were spiritually enlightening and informative. It was not uncommon for Tosh to set aside some time during a show to talk to the audience about his views on the evils of the world. Despite the public being supportive of Tosh and his cause, he was murdered by three assailants on September 11, 1987. Record has it that three men, one of whom Tosh knew and tried to help find work after a term in jail, had approached him at his home demanding money. When Tosh replied that he had none, he was shot three times. The assailant that Tosh knew turned himself in to the authorities, while the other two were never found. The story of the robbery, however, remains under scrutiny.According to reports, nothing from Tosh’s home was missing. The three men who went there to rob him took nothing. Many speculate that it was a hit to forever silence Tosh and his outspoken ways. From the moment he was born, it seems Peter Tosh was destined to live the life he did. He was a man with many admirable qualities, most importantly the courage to speak up for those who were not in a position to do it themselves in effort to better the lives of his fellow Jamaicans. He was a pioneer for the Rastafari movement and a prominent figure in the development of Reggae music, forming it into the shape it holds today.   How to cite Peter Tosh: a Pioneer of Reggae and Trailblazing Rastafarian, Papers

The Bourgeoisie and the Role of Women in the 19th Century

The development of such a social class as bourgeoisie becomes the characteristic feature of the second part of the nineteenth century. In his work The Age of Empire, 1875-1914, Eric Hobsbawm concentrates on depicting the particular features of the period, accentuating such important details as the bourgeois lifestyle and the progress of feminine liberation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Bourgeoisie and the Role of Women in the 19th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Hobsbawm, the bourgeoisie can be discussed in relation to such notions as privacy, property, education, and sport as the determining components of the specific lifestyle, and the role of women in the society can be explored with references to their new role in the family and with paying attention to the development of female movements. The bourgeoisie as a social class includes the representatives of the upper middle class who gained their positions with increasing their properties. However, Hobsbawm states that not only the level of property but also the person’s education can be considered as a significant factor to discuss the person as bourgeois (Hobsbawm 172). From this point, basing on two factors, these â€Å"legally free and equal individuals† created the special bourgeois lifestyle which helped determine them as higher than workers, but put the line between the bourgeoisie and aristocracy (Hobsbawm 24). The representatives of the bourgeoisie were successful property owners who developed the principles of capitalism. The amount of wealth influenced the bourgeoisie’s everyday life and their interests. Thus, orienting to the economic success and the business’s development, some persons were also interested in art or philosophical thinking, the other ones paid attention to sport or science. Nevertheless, in spite of the property levels, the upper middle class representati ves focused on their education and the education of their children as the necessary factor of the personal development. If the workers were provided with the opportunities to get the elementary education, the property owners tried to give their children the standard university education as the first step to the upper classes (Hobsbawm 149). Thus, representatives of the bourgeoisie are traditionally educated rich persons with the developed analytical abilities and such qualities as responsibility, competence, and reliability.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The turn of the centuries is also characterized by the intensive development of the feminine liberation and associated movements. Hobsbawm accentuates the emergence of a new woman who is active and rather independent in her visions. The author discusses the figures of Rosa Luxemburg and Madame Curie as examples (Hobsbawm 192). The cau ses of feminine liberation are in the general emancipation developed in the society under the impact of increasing the role of education, changes in the economic sphere, and the freedom of movement (Hobsbawm 202). Hobsbawm states that the educated women begin to emphasize their rights because of the general atmosphere within the society. Moreover, such details as the â€Å"practice of casual social dancing in public† and changing the attitude to motherhood and birth control are also significant (Hobsbawm 204). Thus, new women concentrate on gaining the equal opportunities and the right to vote and work with men. According to Hobsbawm, the bourgeois lifestyle in the nineteenth century significantly depends on such factors as money, privacy, and education as the aspects to gain the upper social positions. Furthermore, the period is characterized by changing the women’s role with references to the concept of liberation. Women become actively interested in social activitie s and protecting their rights and equality in relation to men, accentuating the right to work, to vote, and to control the birth rate. Works Cited Hobsbawm, Eric. The Age of Empire, 1875-1914. New York: Vintage Books, 1989. Print. This essay on The Bourgeoisie and the Role of Women in the 19th Century was written and submitted by user Brendon Love to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.